1. ĐỊNH NGHĨA VỀ CỤM ĐỘNG TỪ (PHRASAL VERBS)
Cụm động từ (Phrasal verbs) là sự kết hợp giữa một động từ và một từ nhỏ (particle). Từ nhỏ, particle(s), này có thể là một trạng từ (adverb), hay là một giới từ (preposition), hoặc là cả hai:
VD:
- The rich man gave away most of his fortune.
( Người đàn ông giàu có ấy đã tặng hầu hết tài sản của ông ta cho người nghèo.) 
2. CÁCH SỬ DỤNG CỤM ĐỘNG TỪ
Vai trò của Cụm Động Từ:
- Ngoại động từ (transitive): theo sau là một danh từ hoặc là một đại danh từ với chức năng là túc từ (object) của động từ.
– Nội động từ (intransitive): không có túc từ theo sau.
A. NỘI ĐỘNG TỪ: Intransitive phrasal verbs
– Không có túc từ – động từ cùng particle (thường là trạng từ- adverb) luôn đi sát nhau:
VD:
- The magazine Time comes out once a week.
( Báo Time được phát hành mỗi tuần một lần.) - Our car broke down and had to be towed to a garage.
( Xe chúng tôi bị hư và phải kéo về chỗ sửa.)
– Cũng như các nội động từ thường, không có túc từ đi theo, loại phrasal verb này không dùng ở thể thụ động (passive) nên bạn không nghe dân bản xứ nói “Our car was broken down…”, “ The magazine Time is come out…”
– Một số intransitive phrasal verbs thông dụng: break down, come back, fall through, get by, get up, go on, grow up, look out, show up, shut up, sit down, stand up, stay on, take off, turn up, watch out…
B. NGOẠI ĐỘNG TỪ: Transitive phrasal verbs
Được chia làm HAI NHÓM, tùy theo vị trí của túc từ:
– NHÓM 1: có thể ở giữa động từ và ‘particle’ hoặc đi sau ‘particle’:
VD:
- I took my shoes off./ I took off my shoes.
( Tôi cởi giầy ra.) - He admitted he’d made up the whole thing./ He admitted he’d made the whole thing up.
( Anh ta thú nhận rằng đã bịa ra mọi chuyện.)
– NHÓM 2: Nhưng khi túc từ là một đại danh từ (những chữ như this, that, it, them,me,her và him thì đại danh từ này sẽ đứng ở giữa động từ và ‘particle’:
VD:
- I took them off. (NOT I took off them)
- He admitted he’d made it up. (NOT He admitted he’d made up it)
NGOẠI LỆ:
Có nhiều phrasal verbs vừa có thể là transitive hoặc intransitive. Ngữ cảnh sẽ cho chúng ta biết chức năng cùng với nghĩa của chúng:
VD:
- The plane took off at seven o’clock.
(Máy bay cất cánh lúc 7 giờ.) - He took off his hat and bowed politely as the teacher passed.
(Nó cất mũ cúi mình chào lễ phép khi thầy đi ngang.) - I am taking this Friday off to get something done around the house.
( Tôi sẽ nghỉ thứ sáu để làm việc nhà) - He’s been taken off the medication.
(Nó vừa được ngừng uống thuốc.) - Son takes off his English teacher perfectly.
( Sơn bắt chước ông thầy người Anh rất tài.) - 3. NHỮNG CỤM ĐỘNG TỪ (PHRASAL VERB) THÔNG DỤNG NHẤT TRONG TIẾNG ANH
| Cụm Động Từ & Ví Dụ | Nghĩa |
| Bear out = confirm The other witnesses will bear out what I say | Xác nhận |
| Bring in = introduce They want to bring in a bill to limit arms exports | Giới thiệu |
| Gear up for = prepare for Cycle organizations are gearing up for National Bike Week. | Chuẩn bị |
| Pair up with = team up with Sally decided to pair up with Jason for the dance contest. | Hợp tác |
| Cut down = reduce We need to cut the article down to 1 000 words. | Cắt giảm |
| Look back on = remember She usually looks back on her childhood. | Nhớ lại |
| Bring up = raise He was brought up by his aunt | Nuôi dưỡng |
| Hold on = wait Hold on a minute while I get my breath back | Chờ đợi |
| Turn down = refuse He has been turned down for ten jobs so far | Từ chối |
| Talk over = discuss They talked over the proposal and decided to give it their approval. | Thảo luận |
| Leave out = not include, omit If you are a student, you can omit questions 16–18. | Bỏ qua |
| Break down The telephone system has broken down. | Đổ vỡ, hư hỏng |
| Put forward = suggest Can I put you forward for club secretary | Đề xuất, gợi ý |
| Dress up There’s no need to dress up—come as you are. | Ăn vận (trang trọng) |
| Stand for ‘The book’s by T.C. Smith.’ ‘What does the ‘T.C.’ stand for?’ | Viết tăt cho |
| Keep up = continue Well done! Keep up the good work/Keep it up | Tiếp tục |
| Look after = take care of Who’s going to look after the children while you’re away? | Trông nom, chăm sóc |
| Work out = calculate It’ll work out cheaper to travel by bus. | Tính toán |
| Show up = arrive It was getting late when she finally showed up | Tới, đến |
| Come about = happen Can you tell me how the accident came about | Xảy ra |
| Hold up = stop, delay An accident is holding up traffic | Dừng lại, hoãn lại |
| Call off = cancel The game was called off because of bad weather | Hoãn, Hủy bỏ |
| Look for = expect, hope for We shall be looking for an improvement in your work this term | Trông đợi |
| Fix up = arrange I’ll fix you up with a place to stay. | Sắp xếp |
| Get by = manage to live How does she get by on such a small salary? | Sống bằng |
| Check in Please check in at least an hour before departure. | Làm thủ tục vào cửa |
| Check out Please check out at the reception area | Làm thủ tục ra |
| Drop by (drop in on) I thought I’d drop in on you while I was passing. | Ghé qua |
| Come up with She came up with a new idea for increasing sales. | Nghĩ ra |
Call up = phone | Gọi điện |
Call on = visit | Thăm |
Think over = consider | Xem xét, cân nhắc |
Talk over = discuss | Thảo luận |
Move on | Chuyển sang |
Go over = examine | Xem xét |
Clear up = tidy | Dọn dẹp |
Carry out = execute | Tiến hành |
Break in | Đột nhập |
Back up | Ủng hộ |
Turn away = turn down | Từ chối |
Wake up = get up | Thức dậy |
Warm up | Khởi động |
Turn off | Tắt |
Turn on | Bật |
Fall down | Xuống cấp |
Find out | Tìm ra |
Get off | Khởi hành |
Give up | Từ bỏ |
Go up = increase | Tăng lên |
Pick someone up | Đón ai đó |
Speed up | Tăng tốc |
Grow up | Lớn lên |
Catch up with | Theo kịp |
Cut off | Cắt bỏ cái gì đó |
Account for | Giải thích |
Belong to | Thuộc về |
Break away | Bỏ trồn |
Delight in | Thích thú về |
- IV. BÀI TẬP VỀ CỤM ĐỘNG TỪ
Chọn đáp án đúng trong các câu sau:
1. It was the third time in six months that the bank had been held _____ .
A. over B. down C. up D. out
2. I always run _____ of money before the end of the month.
A. out B. back C. up D. down
3. It's taking me longer to get _____ the operation than I thought.
A. through B. by C. up from D. over
4. I've just spent two weeks looking _____an aunt of mine who's been ill.
A. at B. for C. out for D. after
5. I've always got _____ well with old people.
A. off B. on C. in D. through
6. It's very cold in here. Do you mind if I turn _________ the heating?
A. down B. away C. off D. on
7. They've _____ a new tower where that old building used to be.
A. put up B. put down C. pushed up D. pushed down
8. Stephen always wanted to be an actor when he ________ up.
A. came B. grew C. brought D. settled
9. The bus only stops here to ________ passengers.
A. alight B. get on C. get off D. pick up
10. If anything urgent comes _____, you can contact me at this number.
A. across B. by C. up D. round
11. Your daughter's just started work, hasn't she? How's she getting _____?
A. by B. on C. out D. in
12. We had to turn _______ their invitation to lunch as we had a previous engagement.
A. over B. out C. up D. down
13. While driving to work, we ran out____ gas.
A. up B. of C. in D. to
14. He died ____ heart disease.
A. from B. because C. of D. in
15. The elevator is not running today. It is ________ order.
A. to B. out C. out of D. in
16. I explained ____ him what it meant.
A. to B. about C. over D. from
17. Pasteur devoted all his life _______ science.
A. for B. in C. on D. to
18. House cats are distantly related ___ lions and tigers.
A. in B. to C. of D. about
19. Is this type of soil suitable ___ growing tomatoes ?
A. for B. about C. in D. at
20. Were you aware _____ the regulations against smoking in this area ?
A. in B. with C. of D. about
21. One meter is approximately equal _____ a yard.
A. about B. on C. to D. with
22. Jane doesn't spend much money _____ clothes.
A. over B. about C. at D. on
23. She always takes good care _____ her children.
A. for B. in C. of D. with
24. William insists _____ getting up early, even on weekends.
A. on B. to C. toward D. for
25. What does this symbol refer_____ ?
A. on B. to C. for D. toward
26. The accident resulted _____ several minor injuries.
A. on B. in C. of D. at
27. Congratulations _____ your success!
A. to B. on C. in D. up
28. Mrs. Liz was accused _____ having stolen the car.
A. of B. with C. in D. upon
29. We are here to provide you _____ the best service possible.
A. of B. with C. to D. for
30. He has been absent _____ school very often lately.
A. from B. on C. in D. with
31. Vehicles also account _____ air pollution in the cities.
A. on B. at C. for D. in
32. Last night I was invited _____ a formal get-together and I enjoyed myself a great deal.
A. to B. at C. for D. about
33. The police blamed the mother_____ neglecting her child.
A. to B. for C. with D. of
34. They prevented me _____ talking to that woman .
A. from B. on C. with D. at
35. Take the number 7 bus and get __________ at Forest Road.
A. up B. down C. off D. outside
36. If you want to join this club, you must__________ this application form.
A. make up B. write down C. do up D. fill in
37. The water company will have to_______ off water supplies while repairs to the pipes are carried ___________.
A. take/in B. cut/out C. set/up D. break/to
38. He wanted to______ off all his work before he came to the cinema with us.
A. finish B. stop C. end D. put
39. They were 30 minutes later because their car _______ down.
A. got B. put C. cut D. broke
40. That problem is _______ them. We can't make _______ our mind yet.
A. out off/on B. up to/up C. away from/for D. on for/off
